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The New Demands of Scientific 



Is it possible to secure 

Personal Freedom, Social Unity, and Universal Wealth? 

By Dr. &wi, 



1879. ^ 

PUBLISHED BY THE WORKERS, 

NO. 2, <;kanvillf. PLACE, DOSTON. 



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THE CROWNED REPUBLIC 

DEMANDS OF TO-DAY. 

Knowledge and Labor are the arms and hands 
with which the world's work is done. The noble 
faculty of Inventive Reason has opened new fields- 
of knowledge and multiplied new instruments of 
labor, until it has raised the labor value of man im- 
mensely above that of his primitive condition. It 
has lifted man from the poverty of barbarism to the 
wealth of civilization. 

In our own age, the steam engine of Watt, the 
machines of Arkwright, and the telegraph of Morse, 
have revolutionized the industry of the world. They 
have not simply increased enormously our aggregate 
wealth. In doing this, they have displaced muscu- 
lar labor by brain labor. So that one man, by ma- 
chinery, can now do the labor which required from 
fifty to four hundred men, one hundred years ago. 

But this vast increase of productive power has not 
lessened the number of persons who directly suffer 
the terrible evils of abject poverty. On the con- 
trary, in America, in England, and in other countries, 
it has thrown millions of laborers out of employ- 
ment, and the just discontent of these threatens the 
very existence and stability of civil society itself. 



2 THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

These stern facts have aroused the fears, and now 
engage the attention, of the best and ablest minds 
among our statesmen and scientific men. And the 
answer which they have found for this demand is 
clear and decisive. We must organize our in- 
dustries AND ADJUST PRODUCTIVE LABOR AND 
DISTRIBUTION TO THE NEW REQUIREMENTS OF 

inventive knowledge. It was once thought and 
hoped by political economists that "these things 
would adjust themselves." But time has fearfully 
proved the folly and fatality of such a hope. 

The author of this essay has no mere specula- 
tions to offer. The principles here to be advanced, 
and the methods here proposed, rest upon the sure 
basis of well-observed facts, and upon the conclu- 
sive demonstrations of science. If the principles 
and methods are new and untried, let us remember 
that only a few years ago the steam engine, the rail- 
way, and the telegraph, were equally new. Let us 
first prove whether they are true principles and 
methods. That point once decided, the question of 
whether they are practical, is fairly answered ; for 
all truth is practical, if a wise God is its author. 

The evils of society have a growth of six thousand 
years. They have extended through every part of 
the social fabric. Any remedy to be effectual must 
be complete, and not a partial expedient. 

"There are three great elements of human pro- 
gress," says Goldwin Smith. " These are the intel- 
lectual, the moral, and the productive; or Knowl- 
edge, Virtue, and Industry." What relation do 
these three elements bear to each other, and why- 
have they not been long since understood and ad- 
justed? In the answer to these questions lies the 
solution of our great problem. 



THE CROWNED REPUBLrc. 3 

THE ARCHETYPE OF SOCIETY. 

If Yirtue is the heart of Human Society, then its 
guiding brain is Knowledge, and its producing hand 
is Industry. Can the brain act without blood from 
the heart, or the hands produce without knowledge 
from the brain? The three are vitally inter-depend- 
ent. Why then should we organize knowledge, as 
we have partly done in our system of education, and 
yet leave industry at loose ends, the hapless prey of 
chance or of cupidity? To answer this, we must 
examine the very structure and fundamental plan of 
civil society. 

Foundations. — "The true and natural founda- 
tions of human society are the wants of individuals," 
says Sir William Blackstone. Is there any way by 
which we can get at a systematic and complete list 
of these wants? If there is, then we can at once 
decide whether the institutions and government of 
society rest upon all of the necessary foundations, 
and what changes and practical steps are required. 

Source of Wants. — The answer is clear. Our 

WANTS ARISE FROM THE ORGANS OF THE BODY AND 

the faculties of the mind. Thus, in the body, 
the stomach requires food and the eye requires light. 
And so of the mind. The Intellectual faculties re- 
quire knowledge ; the Social faculties require organ- 
ized society, and the faculties of Volition require 
industry. Each mental faculty gives rise to collec- 
tive wants which absolutely require for their gratifi- 
cation the concerted action of many persons in the 
form of organized society. 

Three-fold Division. — All scientific men of the 
present day divide the mental faculties into three 
great classes. These are Intellect, Affection, and 



4 THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

Volition; or in older terms, Wisdom, Love, and 
Will. The great divisions of the wants of society 
are, therefore, Intellectual, Social, and Industrial, 
as already expressed above by Gold win Smith. 

The Intellect gathers knowledge, discovers sci- 
ence, and invents the instruments and means of 
labor. Industry applies all these in producing and 
distributing the necessities, comforts, and luxuries 
of life. Both Knowledge and Industry equally 
sustain the Social life of the people, which is always 
the vital center. 

Hence we see that from the Nation down to the 
Town, the three great departments of civil life and 
government should be Intellectual, Social, and In- 
dustrial. And they should be so organized that 
their mutual dependence and cooperation shall al- 
ways be secured, as the Creator intended. 

If the statesmen of civilization had been guided by 
science instead of imitating the surface facts of his- 
tory, then they would not have made the three de- 
partments of government to be Legislative, Execu- 
tive, and Judicial. For these do not express the 
great classes of wants which now exist in civilized 
society. They were better adapted to ancient times, 
when war was the trade of nations, and national 
robbery was the pastime of rulers. 

Paternalism. — When the politician says that 
" the function of government should be limited to 
protection and defense," he proves himself utterly 
blind to the greatest fact of modern civilization. 
For he does not see that the collective life of a na- 
tion is a unit consisting of a great number of mu- 
tually and closely dependent parts, and that its gov- 
ernment is the only thing that should and can ex- 
press the unity and cooperation of these parts. 



THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 5 

But it has been objected, " This would make the 
government too 'paternal' in its character." Those 
who raise this cry are quite willing that government 
should possess the mailed and bloody right hand of 
War. Why is it not also wise and right for it to 
have the beneficient left hand of Paternal kindness ? 

Is political sagacity wiser than the Creator? He 
has united all of the faculties in the brain, with com- 
mon laws and a common center of action. Is it less 
wise, or less possible to unite all of the varied inter- 
ests and institutions of society which directly spring 
from the wants and the action of these faculties ? 

We will now notice separately the most promi- 
nent claims of Industry, of Social life, and of Knowl- 
edge, and then we will summarize these in a Plan 
for Practical Operations. 

ORGANIZED INDUSTRY. 

Employment for All. — The first right of labor 
is the right to employment; something to do. 
Society has a right to perserve its own integrity, its 
collective life and health. But it can not do this, 
unless, firstly, the way is open for each of its mem- 
bers to be a producer, either intellectually, socially, 
or industrially. Secondly, the labor products must 
be so distributed that every laborer shall have a 
share in proportion to his labor. Society must there- 
fore secure 

Work for all, and its Products to all. 

"But why not leave all this for each individual to 
seek, and for business demands to adjust ?" Because 
of this conclusive reason — When work was done by 
hand, then labor could be both isolated and unor- 



6 THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

ganized. A willing and intelligent laborer could 
secure employment by his individual efforts. Even 
then, poverty and want were not strangers in soci- 
ety. But now the old conditions are changed. 
Labor is so largely done by machinery that it re- 
quires a vast outlay of capital in the first place, and 
then it requires the co-operation of the great chan- 
nels of commerce and transit between distant parts 
of the country. Under private and irresponsible 
monopolies these are now managed so as to throw 
millions out of employment, and to plunge the coun- 
try into financial crises every ten years. The thing 
will not "regulate itself." 

Labor Bureaus. — The first step in removing 
these evils is the establishment of Labor Bureaus in 
Town, County, State, and Nation, which shall col- 
lect, classify, and make known, the exact facts in 
regard to the labor, the needs, and the supplies, of 
all the people. This knowledge must then be made 
the basis of definite action. 

Common Ownership. — Whatever property is 
used in common by the people of a Town, a County, 
a State, or a Nation, such property should be owned 
and controlled by the people of that Town, or County, 
or State, or Nation, as the case may be. Hence the 
people, through their governments, should own the 
railways, telegraphs, postal lines, and unfarmed 
lands, as they now do the government buildings. 

The rates of interest should be rigidly kept down 
by law to the average rate of increase in property in 
the country. 

Impeachment. — If the people have a right to 
select their officers by election, they also have a 
right to reject them for official misconduct. This 
could be effected through such a provision as this — 



THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 7 

That in case of official misconduct any officer may 
be tried and the evidence elicited be published. 
The members under his jurisdiction shall then vote 
for or against his expulsion from office, and their 
decision shall be final in the case. 

INTEGRAL EDUCATION. 

Objects of Education. — The object of a true 
system of education is three-fold : — 

First, it must impart a good and practical knowl- 
edge of art, philosophy, and science. 

Second, it must cultivate and develop all of the 
mental faculties in a systematic manner. 

Third, it must develop the body in connection 
and harmony with the mind. 

The object of the school is to fit the child to 
occupy a place in society. Therefore a perfect 
school would be modelled on the same plan as 
that of society itself. It would have twelve groupets 
of pupils, and it would devote one hour of each day 
to the special culture of each group of faculties. 

Our present systems of education only train three 
out of the twelve groups of faculties ! Though all 
of these faculties are subject to the same laws of 
growth, and all equally require systematic culture. 

But as a transition from the present system to that 
perfect form, the six ordinary hours of school might be 
divided so as to give two hours to intellectual, two 
to social, and two to physical culture and training. 

During the first fifteen years of life the pupil would 
acquire that general knowledge which pertains to 
all employments alike. Then for the remaining 
three or five years the pupil would pursue the more 
special and technical studies which belong to his, or 
her, chosen profession in life. 



8 THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ACTION. 

Natural Rights. — Every person has a natural 
right to the development, conditions, and use of 
each faculty. For example, a man has a right to 
accumalate knowledge, because this is the natural 
office of Memory ; he has a right to friends, because 
they are the proper objects of Friendship; he has a 
right to property, because this is the object of 
Economy. 

As all persons, of either sex, and of all races, 
have the same number and kind of faculties, there- 
fore all have the same classes of rights, and are 
adapted to the same great forms of government and 
social life, if these forms are in harmony with the 
nature of man. 

Voting. — The act voting is the formal expression 
of a choice in regard to the officers, the laws, or the 
action of society. As all adult persons, of either 
sex, and of all races, possess this choice or prefer- 
ence, and have interests at stake, therefore all have 
a natural right to vote. Elective governments are 
therefore natural, and hereditary right extends no 
farther than it gives talent, goodness, and fitness for 
office. 

Rights of Sex. — Man and Woman are mental 
and physical complements of each other. Man is 
positive, woman is receptive. Man is the more vi- 
gorous, muscular, hardy, bold, cool, and scientific. 
Woman is the more sensitive, yielding, gentle, lov- 
ing, ardent, and intuitive. 

These natural differences of the two sexes adapt 
them to different spheres of intellectual, social and 
industrial activity. Their spheres, like their char- 
acters, are complements. In each trinity of mental 



THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. Q. 

faculties, the first faculty dominates in the character 
of man, and the second one rules in the character of 
woman. Thus we find Reason as a ruling faculty 
in man, and Inspiration as its complement in 
woman ; Form in man, and Color in woman ; Dig- 
nity in man, and Laudation in woman. 

These complements extend through all the groups 
of faculties, and as a consequence, all the duties 
and employments of society have their masculine 
and their feminine side. Hence in a true plan of 
Society, as shown in our Model, the first officer in 
each pair is a man and the second is a woman, the 
one leading in the masculine and the other in com- 
plementary feminine employments. The same ar- 
rangement is adopted in the Bands of Workers. 

While the sexes are thus made everywhere equal 
in rank, yet woman does not become less womanly 
or man less manly, in character and employment. 

The Transition. — The plan of Society exhibi- 
ted in the Model will seem, to most persons, to be 
too complex and perfect for immediate adaption. 
But the law of growth from the more simple to the 
more complex, governs the advancement of society 
not less than it does other forms of life. Hence as 
a step of easy transition from our present evils to 
better things, the author proposes a very simple and 
yet a systematic and practical plan, under the title of 
Bands of Workers. 

In these Bands we hope to unite all true workers, 
whether in the fields of science and education, on 
the farm and by the fireside, or in the shop and the 
factory. Our tenn "Worker" is thus used in its 
comprehensive sense, and includes brain work no 
less than hand labor. It includes everything that 
builds up and sustains civilization. 



IO THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

THE BAND OF WORKERS. 

The general object of these Bands may be stated 
as threefold — firsl, to gather and study the facts 
which have a bearing upon the questions of Educa- 
tional. Social, and Industrial reform; second, to 
spread a knowledge of these principles among the 
people ; and third, to form a means of concerted 
action in securing the adoption of the new measures 
required. 

Each Band of Workers has the following six 
officers : 

SECRETARY. PRESIDENT. GUARDIAN. 
OBSERVER. PRESIDESS. TREASURER. 

These lead in the Intellectual, the Social, and the 
Industrial work of the Band, as shown by their 
position in the table. They constitute a Board of 
Trustees in each Band, and they may have an as- 
sistant, called the Marshalist. 

Ranks. — The Town Bands are united under that 
of the County; the County Bands under that of the 
State ; and all of the State Bands are united under 
the National Band. The number of officers and 
the above titles are the same through all these ranks. 

Conventions. — The Town Bands hold meetings 
at least once a week. The County Band holds a 
semi-annual convention of two days, to which each 
Town Band sends its Secretary and Observer, as 
delegates. The State Band holds a yearly conven- 
tion of three days, with the County Secretaries and 
Observers as delegates. The National Band holds 
a yearly convention of five days. Its delegates are 
the Secretaries and Observers of the State Bands. 
The officers of each convention are the regular offi- 
cers of the Band which has convened it. 



THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. II 

The Bands of Workers will bring before the 
public, for discussion and action, the Demands 
summarized in the following table. 

DEMANDS OF THE WORKERS. 



Intellectual Social Industrial 

Demands. Demands. Detnands. 



i. BUREAUS of 
knowledge for Na- 
tion, State and 
Town, which shall 
organize the scien- 
tific, civil and in- 
dustrial knowledge, 
as fast as it is gain- 
ed, and make this 
the basis of civil 
and domestic insti- 
tutions, as well as 
of legislative action 

2. The referen- 
dum through which 
all laws are referred 
from the legislative 
body back to the 
people, for their 
formal vote of ac- 
ceptance, before the 
laws are practically 
adopted. 

3. Universal Ed- 
ucation, through 
National, State, 
County and Town 
schools, each of 
which shall give in- 
tellectual, social 
and industrial train- 
ing. 



1. Equality of 
Rights to man and 
woman, by giving 
to man the mascu- 
line and to woman 
the feminine side of 
each office and t 
ployment. 

2. Equality of 
property rights and 
wages to each sex. 

3. Abolition of 
the " appointing 
power," and the 
election of all offi- 
cers by a direct vote 
of the people over 
whom they are to 
preside. 

4. Sanitary 
Boards of physi- 
cians and scientists 
for the Town, State 
and Nation, who 
shall supervise pub- 
lic and private 
buildings, drainage, 
forest-culture and 
other known causes 
which affect the 
public health. 



1. Labor Bureaus 
in Town, State and 
Nation, which shall 
collect, classify and 
make known the 
exact facts in re- 
gard to the labor, 
the needs and the 
supplies of all the 
people. 

2. Regulation of 
employments, so 
that none shall be 
idle. 

3. Distribution of 
labor products, so 
that every laborer 
shall share in pro- 
portion to his labor. 

4. That the peo- 
ple who select an 
officer have a right 
to impeach and ex- 
pel him from office 
in case of official 
misconduct. 

5. That all penal 
measures should be 
reformatory in aim, 
instead of vindic- 
tive. 



12 THE CROWNED REPUBLIC. 

The' School. — A further guide in the work of 
each Band is presented in the following table of 
TopicsTor Study and Discussion. Each Band thus 
becomes not only an instructive school for studying 
the science of society, but also a means of true 
social culture, entertainment, and improvement. 

Elections. — The Town and County officers are 
elected yearly; those of the State Bands are elected 
once in two years; and those of the National Band 
once in three years. All regular elections take place 
on the second Thursday in March, the officers en- 
tering upon their duties on the third Thursday. 

Articles. — At the close of this page is given the 
blank Form of Agreement used by each Band, and 
signed by all the members. Each Band will pass 
such By-Laws as it may deem necessary. 

The Crown. — We have now sketched the needs 
of our Social Structure as unfolded by science, and 
the steps which must be taken to preserve the life 
and remove the evils of civilization. If these sim- 
ple and clear steps are taken by the people, we shall 
indeed Crown the Republic with the wisdom of 
science, the virtue of religion, and the wealth of 
peace. 

THE BAND OF WORKERS. 

In harmony with the objects set forth in The 
Crowned Republic, We, whose names are affixed, do 

organize and will conduct the Band of 

Workers, of this day 

of 18— . 

Date of signing: Names of Members. 



TOPICS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION. 1 3 

Intellectual. — The connection between ignorance and 
poverty. Ignorance as a cause of crime. Statistics of Town 
and neighborhood on these points. 

What should Education in the schools include? Claims 
of the kindergarten ; of industrial teaching. Should we teach 
the trades? If so, how far? General principles and rules 
which underlie all of the trades. How these should be in- 
troduced. Can the Theatre be reformed? 

What studies should be embraced, and what ones excluded 
from a common school course. Claims of science in prefer- 
ence to Latin and Greek. Should the hours of study be 
shortened? Real work versus Gymnastics. 

Need of a National University ; its scope and plan. 

What should be the limits and the extent of legislative 
power? When the laws of society are natural and scientific, 
they cannot conflict with individual liberty. 

Social. — The Right of Society to establish sanitary laws. 
What are the best systems of Drainage and of Ventilation? 
The best plans for Dwellings ; Public Bathing Houses. Tree- 
culture and the effects of Forests on the rain-fall. Effects of 
different kinds of food on the health. Climate and Character. 

Government of Children. What penalties and punishments 
are best in the Home and in the School ? What moral laws 
and truths should be taught in the school-room ? What are 
the natural penalties of crime ? Prison discipline and reform. 

The nature and scope of Social Science. How far can the 
laws and institutions of Society be conformed to the natural 
laws of man's constitution? Man a social being. Human 
unity and sympathy. International laws and fellowship. 
Colonization in our own and in foreign countries. Advant- 
age of Colonies in settling new States and Territories. 

Industrial. — Combined labor as compared with that 
which is isolated. Effects of the displacement of hand labor 
by machinery. The remedy proposed through Cooperation. 
Different plans for this. Cooperation in exchanges ; buying 
and selling. Results of experiments. Prevention of Gluts. 

Public and Private rights of Property. Corporations and 
monopolies ; dangers and remedies. 

The division of labor into separate pursuits as a cause of 
civilization. This necessitates cooperation in some form. 
Rights of Capital. Collective and Private Capital. 

The mental and physical differences between man and 
woman. The different spheres of employment for which 
this fits them. In this respect what modifications are re- 
quired from our present system? 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



027 273 565 7| 

WORDS OF COMMENDATION. 



The following are a few among the many favorable notices 
given of the author's discoveries, as set forth in his lectures 
and writings: 

We cordially commend this charming, original, and learned 
discussion of the fundamental principles of history and social 
science. 

Hon. Geo. Willard, M. C. 

The new views and plans of Government, advanced by 
Dr. Merton, must be the basis of all future statesmanship. 
Hon. Geo. W. Julian, M. C. 

In brilliant and impassioned eloquence, in wealth of learn- 
ing, and in the dramatic interest given to his subjects, Dr. 
Merton ranks with the foremost orators of the country. 

Tribune. 

Dr. Merton's spirited address was brim full of scientific 
knowledge. 

Pkof. W. P. Wilson. 

Dr. Merton is especially noted for presenting a clear and 
i mpressive range of ideas on pure science. 

Pkof. O. S. Fowler. 



The discoveries of Arthur Merton are the most important 
yet made in Mental and Social Science, and they deserve 
the attention of every one who is interested in his own cul- 
ture or that of the race. The whole problem of social re- 
organization is worked out with an accuracy and complete- 
ness which enables it to stand triumphantly the crucial test 
of a universal application. 

Edward Howland, 

In Cyclopedia of Dates. 



